Among all this, salinity is the most typical abiotic stress mahajan and tuteja 2005. Although most plants are tolerant during germination, salinity stress delays this process even though there may be no difference in the percentage of germi nated seeds from one treatment to. Plant adaptation or tolerance to salinity stress involves complex physiological traits, metabolic pathways, and molecular or gene networks. Acid phosphatase activity is known to contribute to resistance under salt and water stress by maintaining a certain level of inorganic phosphate. The physiological responses of a plant to salinity are often complex and multifaceted, which makes experiments difficult to design and interpret. Nov 16, 2014 the environmental stress is a major area of scientific concern because it constraints plant as well as crop productivity. The responses of plants to salinity stress are often multifaceted and complex. Evaluating physiological responses of plants to salinity stress ncbi.
Soil salinity is a global problem that affects approx. Introduction agriculture productivity is negatively affected due to various abiotic factors. During the onset and development of salt stress within a plant, all the. How to chemigate salinitystressed plants with hydrogen. Root growth and dry matter accumulation have also been found to be very sensitive to salinity in cotton seedlings chachar et al. Salinity soil salinity is an issue of global importance causing many socioeconomic. Aba plays an important role in the response of plants to salinity and abadeficient mutants perform poorly under salinity stress xiong, gong, rock, subramanian, guo, xu, et al. Mitigation of salinity stress in plants by arbuscular mycorrhizal. The reactions of plants to salinity depend on the specific degree of tolerance against soil salinity. With extreme high river inflow, on the other hand, low estuary salinity kills marine organisms. Laurel, nj june 5, 2015 golf course superintendents and sports turf managers in low rainfall areas and along coastal regions of the country face salinity stress on a regular basis.
Abiotic stress limits crop productivity, and plays a major role in determining the distribution of plant species across different types of environments. Salinity is one of the main factors limiting plant growth, productivity and quality of crops, with more than 20% of irrigated land affected by salt. Transgenic plants references flowers tj, troke pf and yeo ar 1977 the mechanism of salt tolerance in halophytes. Effects of salt stress on different maize genotypes braz. Effect of salinity on germination, seedling growth and. Alleviation of salinityinduced oxidative stress, improvement.
Pdf plant growth and development under salinity stress. Salinity similarly affects turfgrass in our urban landscapes. You may have heard of the term saline it means something containing salt. Pdf causes of salinity and plant manifestations to salt. Plants were treated with 450 mm nacl for 10 days, and proteins were then extracted from the shoots and separated by twodimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
Plant response to salinity and various constituent ions in the soil solution and irrigation waters varies widely among plant species. In the initial phase, salinity stress manifests itself as osmotic stress with reduction in water uptake by plants. Salicylic acid in plant salinity stress signalling and tolerance. Effects of salt stress on plant growth, stomatal response. Salts can also come from water tables, sea water intrusion, fertilizers and soil amendments such as gypsum and lime. Salinity stress impacts many aspects of a plant s physiology, making it difficult to study in toto instead, it is more tractable to dissect the plant s response into traits. This situation has been further worsened by anthropogenic activities. Because of this limited atp biosynthesis, the saline water stress. Effects of salinity and drought on growth, ionic relations. Because soil salinity is a major abiotic constraint affecting crop yield, much research has been conducted to develop plants with improved salinity tolerance.
In either case, yields at extreme salinity stress are too low to be of commercial value so that accuracy in this part of the response curve is not critical. Causes of salinity and plant manifestations to salt stress. Salinity stress impacts many aspects of a plants physiology, making it difficult to study in toto. Even with the recommended leaching fraction of 50%, salt concentrations roughly double from the top to the bottom of the rootzone. Therefore, there is a much scientific saddle on researchers to enhance crop productivity under environmental stress in order to cope with the increasing food demands. During the onset and development of salt stress within a plant, all the major processes. Separating salinity stress from other plant stresses is difficult because increased salts alter the ionic chemical balance in plants and affect water availability to plants. Salinity is high in many areas throughout the murraydarling basin and is a major environmental problem. Salt stress induced differential proteome and metabolome. Soil salinity is an important stress affecting irrigated crops in many areas of california. Plants suffering from flooding produce only 5% atp via anaerobic respiration as compared with plants undergoing aerobic respiration without flooding. The higher salinity, reduced nutrient input, and reduced sediment inputs associated with extreme low river inflow can stress or kill plants and animals. Bacteria isolated from different stressed habitats possess stress tolerance capacity along with the plant. Strong water deficit and salt stress both caused inhibition of growth, degradation of photosynthetic.
This stress is often exacerbated during drought years. The term salinity refers to the level of salt in a solution and is used to describe the level of salt in the land and water. In agriculture, salts reduce germination, overall growth, yield, and sometimes death in crop plants. Plants are subjected to various abiotic stresses such as low temperature, salt, drought, floods, heat, oxidative stress and heavy metal toxicity during their life cycle. Keywords rnai, mirna, sirna, drought stress, salinity stress, rice plant, gene regulation corresponding author. Salinity cause both osmotic stress and ionic toxicity which hamper the plant productivity by inhibiting or altering the plant growth, dry matter partitioning, seed. Comparison between the water and salt stress effects on plant.
Salt stress effectively decreases the availability of water in the soil to plants, and hence there is a substantial overlap between plant responses to drought and to salinity see pocket k 30 for more information on drought tolerance, 3. A comprehensive understanding on how plants respond to salinity. Threshold soil salinity and slope values of the yield response to soil salinity level were determined as salinity is a measure of the total amount of soluble salt in soil. Considering the devastating effect of salt stress on plants, one of the important tasks for plant biologists is to explore the approaches that are able to develop salt tolerance in crop plants. Aug 23, 2015 health and quality of salt affected soil 5. The salinity tolerance depends on the interaction between salinity and other environmental factors. Evaluating physiological responses of plants to salinity stress. Publications a variety of sorghum, sensitive to salinity, growing in sand culture and watered with a nutrient solution containing increasing concentrations of sodium chloride. This study was conducted to elucidate the effect of saline stress nacl on growth and antioxidant enzyme activity in leaves of two tomato genotypes. A proteomic approach was used to identify proteins affected by salt in the halophyte c4 plant aeluropus lagopoides poaceae in an attempt to understand the mechanism of salt tolerance. Medicinal and aromatic plants production under salt stress. Physiological response of kentucky bluegrass under salinity.
Salinity is a major abiotic stress limiting growth and productivity of plants in many areas of the world due to increasing use of poor quality of water for irrigation and soil salinization. The physiological responses of a plant to salinity are often complex and. For salinity stress treatment, the plants were removed from soil, washed carefully to remove soil from the leaves and roots and kept overnight. Effect of salinity stress on plants and its tolerance. Review article molecular mechanisms of plant salinity. Having accurate measurements of soil salinity in the rootzone during the. Salinity stress effect on crop growth and development 6. Physiological response of kentucky bluegrass under salinity stress lijun wang salinity is a significant stress for plants worldwide. Although there are some plants for which there is a growth requirement for na. As salinity levels increase, plants extract water less easily from soil, aggravating water stress conditions. These minerals come mostly from the weathering of rocks and soils, dissolved over millions of years. An endophyte from saltadapted pokkali rice confers salt. Salinity stress is one of the serious restrictive issues for optimum crop production in arid to semiarid areas. Biotechnology with salinity for coping in problem soils.
Biotechnological approaches have improved a lot in understanding the mechanisms of salt tolerance in plants. Omic approach is one of the recent tools that help us in understanding the physiology and biochemistry of the cells under salinity stress. The present study was designed to study the effect of salinity on seed germination, seedling growth and acid phosphatase activities in romaine and vista. Just having salts in the irrigation water is not in itself immediately harmful to. Zhu jk 2002 salt and drought stress signal transduction in plants. Abiotic stress and its effects on plants in both natural and agricultural settings is a topic that is receiving increasing attention because of the potential impacts of climate change on rainfall patterns and temperature extremes. Tolerance mechanism of plants towards salinity is still a debated question. In brassica species, salinity stress was reported to reduce growth, seed yield, and oil production by exhibiting, to a great extent, interspecific. However, the specific knowledge on how sa 28 signalling propagates and promotes salt tolerance in plants remains largely unknown. High soil salinity can also cause nutrient imbalances, result in the accumulation of elements toxic to plants. An overview of hazardous impacts of soil salinity in crops.
Mar 23, 2020 for salinity stress treatment, the plants were removed from soil, washed carefully to remove soil from the leaves and roots and kept overnight in beakers containing distilled water to acclimatize. In this article we will discuss about salinity stress in plants. Effects of abiotic stress on plants university of liverpool. Therefore, salinity problems may contribute to other classes of plant stress. Saltsalinity tolerance of common horticulture crops in south. Salinity has several deleterious effects on plants such as. Salinity induced oxidative stress in plants a common consequence of salinity is induction of excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species ros which can cause peroxidation of lipids, oxidation of protein, inactivation of enzymes, dna damage, andor interact with other vital constituents of plant cells. Rnai mediated drought and salinity stress tolerance in plants. Over time, salts can accumulate in the soils as crops extract water leaving the salts behind in the root zone. Overcoming salinity barriers to crop production using. The second effect of salinity is shown when excessive amounts of salt enter the plant in the transpiration stream and injure leaf cells, which further reduces growth. Introduction when irrigation water contains a high concentration of solutes and when there is no opportunity to flush out accumulated salts to a drainage system, salts can quickly reach levels that are injurious to saltsensitive species. Plants are generally most sensitive to salinity during germination and early growth. Salinity tolerance should be calculated by measuring the effects of salinity on plant growth during the time of stress imposition and not during the.
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